Which theory endorses distributing benefits through a free market and liberty rights of noninterference?

• A. Libertarian theories of justice
• B. Egalitarian theories of justice
• C. Utilitarian theories of justice
• D. Positive rights theory

Answer: (D)

The idea being tested is how a theory justifies the way benefits are distributed and what rights are prioritized. Libertarian theories of justice argue that benefits should flow through a free market and that individuals have liberty rights of noninterference—negative rights that protect freedom from coercion and allow voluntary exchange, ownership, and contract with minimal government intrusion. This view sees market mechanisms as the most efficient and fair way to allocate resources, driven by individual choices and property rights. Egalitarian theories focus on equality and may justify redistribution to achieve equal outcomes or opportunities, not a laissez-faire market allocation. Utilitarian theories evaluate policies by overall welfare, which can accommodate various mechanisms but does not inherently defend a free-market plus noninterference rights as the defining package. Positive rights theory centers on entitlements to certain goods or services that require collective provision, not distribution primarily through voluntary market exchange. So, the combination of a free market and liberty rights of noninterference best fits libertarian theories of justice.