Which theory emphasizes equal distribution of important benefits and burdens?

• A. Utilitarian theories of justice
• B. Egalitarian theories of justice
• C. Libertarian theories of justice
• D. Positive rights theory

Answer: (B)

Equal distribution of important benefits and burdens is the defining aim of egalitarian theories of justice. These theories judge fairness by how evenly the things that matter for a decent life—resources, opportunities, basic liberties, and social influences—are shared across people. The idea is that avoidable inequalities undermine fairness, so policies should strive to create roughly equal access to these goods, sometimes with a focus on helping the least advantaged.

This is why the correct choice fits best: it centers on equality of distribution. Other theories orient justice differently: utilitarianism seeks to maximize overall welfare, even if that means some inequality; libertarianism emphasizes individual rights and voluntary exchange with minimal redistribution; and positive rights theory focuses on recognizing entitlements to certain goods rather than enforcing equal shares.