Which principle applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted?

• A. Absolute principle applies in all cases
• B. Prima facie principle applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted
• C. Absolute principle applies only in exceptional cases
• D. Prima facie principle never applies

Answer: (B)

The distinction between prima facie duties and absolute duties in ethical reasoning is being tested. A prima facie duty is binding in general but can be overridden by a more compelling obligation, so it applies in all situations unless an exception is warranted. That’s why this option is the best fit: the principle is intended to guide actions broadly, with the possibility of exceptions when stronger duties arise. An absolute principle would apply everywhere without exception, which isn’t what the statement describes. The claim that an absolute principle applies only in exceptional cases contradicts the very idea of universality for absolutes. And saying a prima facie principle never applies conflicts with its purpose of guiding actions unless overridden. For example, confidentiality is usually a prima facie duty but can be overridden by a greater duty, such as protecting someone from imminent harm.