Which ethical theory is defined as actions that are right are those that produce the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved?

• A. Ethical egoism
• B. Utilitarianism
• C. Virtue ethics
• D. Deontology

Answer: (B)

The main concept tested is utilitarianism: it judges actions by their outcomes, specifically the net balance of good over bad for all people affected. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, meaning what matters is the result, not the intention or the actor’s character. It requires weighing how much good and bad an action produces for everyone involved and aiming to maximize overall well-being—the greatest good for the greatest number. This differs from ethical egoism, which focuses only on one’s own good; deontology, which emphasizes following rules or duties regardless of outcome; and virtue ethics, which centers on the character and virtues of the person performing the action. Because the description centers on maximizing overall good for everyone affected, utilitarianism is the best fit.